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Bug Bounty Tip: Utilizing JSON and Lists for ATO Testing

Bug Bounty Tip: Utilizing JSON and Lists for ATO Testing

The bug bounty tip of this week comes from Mohamed Reda.

When testing a login functionality during a bug bounty program, utilizing JSON and lists can help uncover potential Account Takeover (ATO) vulnerabilities. This technique involves manipulating the request payload to test the system’s response to list-type inputs.

Procedure

1. Modify Request Body

Change the request body to JSON format and structure it to accept lists for the email and password fields.

From:
{
    "email": "email",
    "password": "password"
}

To:
{
    "email": [
        "email1",
        "email2"
    ],
    "password": [
        "password1",
        "password2"
    ]
}

2. Test for ATO Vulnerabilities

a. Single Password Test

  • Utilize a list of emails and try a single password across all emails. Verify if any email-password combination allows successful login.

b. Brute Force Test

  • Use a list of emails and a list of passwords.
  • Employ an Intruder tool to systematically perform a brute force attack.
  • Check for successful logins using different email and password combinations.

Please Note

Always conduct security testing within the scope of the bug bounty program and with explicit authorization. Respect ethical guidelines and adhere to responsible disclosure practices when identifying and reporting vulnerabilities.

This approach helps uncover potential vulnerabilities in the login process, ensuring a thorough security assessment and contributing to a more secure system.

Get Popular with BugBounter!

Get featured on BugBounter with your bug bounty tip. Sign up on BugBounter as a cybersecurity researcher today, and contact our Community Manager Salih with your username on BugBounter via their email, [email protected].

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Bug Bounty Tip: Role-Based Authorization and Unauthorized Access Testing

Bug Bounty Tip: Role-Based Authorization and Unauthorized Access Testing

Bug bounty tip of this week comes from Omer Goktas, one of the top cybersecurity researchers on BugBounter. Dive into his tip about role-based authorization and unauthorized access testing.

In web and API testing, if there are roles with different levels of authorization, log in with an account that has a high level of authorization.

1. Log in using your account with lower authorization in an incognito tab.

2. Take note of what actions you can perform with your account that has high authorization. For this, you can send all requests to the Burp Repeater tab.

3. Then, try sending these requests with your unauthorized account.

4. If you’re lucky, you’ll be able to successfully send the request.

💡 BONUS

If the session is determined only by the JWT token, testing unauthorized accesses can be done by sending requests with the JWT token of the unauthorized account.

💡 BONUS 2

Copy the URL addresses and, in the incognito tab where your unauthorized user account is open, go to these URL addresses to access places the unauthorized user should not have access to.

Thanks to Omer for this week’s tip. If you’d also like to be featured on BugBounter with your bug bounty tip, reach out to the BugBounter Community Manager with your username and bug bounty tip.

Bug Bounty Tip: Leveraging Content Security Policy (CSP)

Bug Bounty Tip: Leveraging Content Security Policy (CSP)

The bug bounty tip of the week comes from Abdelrahman Ali from Egypt. Abdelrahman’s bug bouty tip includes leveraging Content Security Tip (CSP) for maximum impact in bug bounty hunting.

1. Master CSP Basics

Understand that CSP is your ally, designed to thwart attacks. It restricts the execution of scripts, styles, and other resources, making it pivotal in your bug bounty arsenal.

2. Detect Misconfigurations

Search for CSP misconfigurations, which can lead to substantial rewards. Misconfigured policies can allow malicious scripts to run unchecked.

3. Analyze CSP Headers

Probe websites for CSP headers. Look for the “Content-Security-Policy” HTTP response header to unveil potential security gaps.

4. Policy Directives Unveiled

Familiarize yourself with CSP directives; they determine resource origins. Common directives include ‘script-src,’ ‘style-src,’ ‘img-src,’ and more.

5. Script Origins

CSP gives you the power to control script sources. Use ‘script-src’ to allow scripts only from trusted origins like ‘self’ or specific domains.

6. Nonce Usage

CSP provides ‘nonce’ as a safeguard. Include a random nonce in your CSP directive and the script tag; only matching nonces will execute scripts.

Example

html
<script src="https://example.com/script.js" nonce="random-value"></script>
CSP: script-src 'nonce-random-value';

7. Hash Checks

CSP lets you specify trusted script content by hashing. If the script’s hash doesn’t match, it won’t run. Update the hash when script content changes.

Example

html
CSP: script-src 'sha256-hash-value';

8. CSRF Token Protection

Understand how CSP’s ‘img-src’ directive can impact CSRF token security. Inadequate control can lead to token disclosure and potential attacks.

9. Mitigate CSRF Risks

As a bug bounty hunter, help websites protect against CSRF token theft by advising them to restrict ‘img-src’ to trusted sources.

10. Stay Current About CSP

Continuously monitor CSP developments. It’s a dynamic field, and evolving CSP techniques can unlock new bug bounty opportunities.

Thank You for Reading This Week’s Bug Bounty Tip

For more information, please visit Abdelrahman’s GitHub page:

https://0xabdoali.github.io/posts/content-security-policy/

Get Featured with Your Bug Bounty Tip

Get featured on BugBounter with bug bounty tip. Sign up on BugBounter as a cybersecurity researcher today, and contact our Community Manager Salih with your username on BugBounter via their email, [email protected].

Join BugBounter Today
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BugBounter Cybersecurity Newsletter | August 2023

BugBounter Cybersecurity Newsletter | August 2023

Hello there,

Check out this month’s cybersecurity newsletter for getting updated in no time.

Stats from BugBounter

Check out the distribution of the vulnerabilities and their severities on BugBounter.

Top Vulnerabilities Identified on BugBounter in August 2023

The data above shows that information leakage, business logic, and IDOR require attention for a strong cybersecurity posture (BugBounter data between 1-31 August, 2023).

Distribution of Severity (CVSS) of the Reports in August 2023

High and Medium risk findings predominate, constituting over 75% of identified issues. Prioritizing these vulnerabilities is crucial for robust cybersecurity (BugBounter data between 1-31 August, 2023).

August 2023 Threat Landscape: Explained Briefly

BugBounter sheds light on the current cybersecurity landscape in August 2023. Explore the latest cybersecurity incidents from around the world, based on real-time cybersecurity news. Read the article.

Keep Your Business with BugBounter Cybersecurity Tips

CISO

Bug bounties provide real-world testing, amplifying threat visibility and fortifying your digital airspace.

Researcher

Reward money is not our first motivation to find a vulnerability, but it definitely helps to stick to a program.

BugBounter

Bug bounties offer effortless and effective vulnerability detection. Elevate protection with user-friendly testing.

Read the Latest BugBounter Cybersecurity Articles

The Human Element in Cybersecurity: Archiving the Tech-Awareness Balance

Discover the pivotal role of human expertise in cybersecurity testing. Striking the tech-awareness balance for robust cyber defenses. Read here.

Elevating eCommerce Security: Navigating the Digital Landscape

Elevate eCommerce security with BugBounter’s bug bounty platform. Uncover the power of human expertise in cybersecurity. Read here.

Thank You for Reading

BugBounter invests in human intelligence as a cybersecurity for companies, regardless of their industries and sizes. Go to our Solutions page for learning more.

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Bug Bounty Tip: File Analysis & Session Manipulation in Mobile App Testing | BugBounter

Bug Bounty Tip: File Analysis & Session Manipulation in Mobile App Testing | BugBounter

Ömer Göktaş, one of the top cybersecurity experts in the BugBounter Community shares a bug bounty tip you can all benefit from while testing mobile apps.

When conducting mobile app testing, after completing the final testing phase, it’s crucial to shift focus to scrutinizing the app’s native files for potential vulnerabilities. Begin by thoroughly analyzing all files, paying special attention to those related to user sessions.

For enhanced testing, consider utilizing the following steps:

Step 1: File Examination

Use a disassembler tool like apktool to dissect the APK file. Look for any sensitive information or configuration files.

Step 2: Email Manipulation

Within session-related files, identify email addresses and modify them. For instance, using Python:

Step 3: ADB Replacement

Before launching the app, overwrite the existing files with modified ones using ADB commands.

Step 4: User Impersonation

With luck, the app might load with a different user’s session, exposing potential authorization issues.

Thank you for Reading

We thank Ömer Göktaş for this week’s bug bounty tip. If you’d like to be featured on Bugbounter social medias with your bug bounty tip, don’t hesitate to reach out to us. Let’s help each other improve!

For more bug bounty tips like this, go to our Community Page.

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Bug Bounty Tips: Unveiling Vulnerabilities in IoT Firmware

Bug Bounty Tips: Unveiling Vulnerabilities in IoT Firmware

This week’s bug bounty tip comes from Eslam Kamal from Cairo, Egypt. Eslam dives into IoT pentesting, focusing on firmware, software, and applications can lead to uncovering crucial vulnerabilities. Here’s a breakdown of effective steps and considerations to successfully map out attack surfaces and identify weaknesses in IoT firmware:

1. Attack Surface Mapping

Begin with comprehensively mapping potential entry points for attackers within the IoT solution. Create an architecture diagram that visually captures the device’s structure from a pentester’s perspective. This forms the foundation for prioritizing tests and understanding the system’s overall architecture.

2. Research and Information Gathering

Thoroughly gather intelligence about the target device. Explore documentation, online resources, prior research, and available CVEs to build a comprehensive understanding of the device’s characteristics, functionalities, and known vulnerabilities.

3. Firmware Analysis

Firmware is a treasure trove of information and vulnerabilities. Obtain the firmware binary through various means: online resources, physical access, or OTA updates. Use tools like “Binwalk” to extract the file system from the binary image. To install “Binwalk” on Kali Linux, use the following command:

sudo apt install binwalk

Once you have the firmware binary, extract it using the following command:

sudo binwalk -Me –dd=".*" {product_firmware.bin} --run-as=root

Gain insights into crucial firmware components such as bootloader, kernel, and file system.

4. Reverse Engineering

Apply traditional pentesting techniques to firmware and software components. Reverse engineer binaries, mobile applications, and cloud components to uncover secrets and vulnerabilities. Pay special attention to communication APIs to understand interactions between different IoT components and communication protocols.

5. Mobile Applications and Web Interfaces

Examine mobile applications and web-based dashboards that control the IoT device. Probe for vulnerabilities that may reveal sensitive information or unauthorized access. Exploit insecure network interfaces or outdated software versions for potential entry points.

6. Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices

Focus on vulnerabilities unique to embedded devices. Explore avenues like exposed serial ports, insecure authentication mechanisms, firmware extraction through JTAG or Flash chips, external media-based attacks, power analysis, and side channel attacks. These avenues can expose critical security gaps.

Thank you for Reading

Check out Eslam Kamal‘s blog for more articles like this one. Access here.

Interested in getting featured on BugBounter’s social medias with your bug bounty tip? Join the BugBounter Community today, and reach out to us with your nickname and bug bounty tip.

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BugBounter Explains the August 2023 Cybersecurity Landscape

BugBounter Explains the August 2023 Cybersecurity Landscape

BugBounter sheds light on the current cybersecurity landscape in August 2023. This blog post addresses key news and developments for you to get updated in seconds. Read more.

FBI, CISA, and NSA Reveal Top Exploited Vulnerabilities of 2022

The collaboration between the FBI, CISA, and NSA has enabled the identification of the top exploited vulnerabilities from the previous year. By understanding these vulnerabilities, organizations can enhance their defenses and protect their critical assets. The joint effort serves as a valuable resource for IT professionals to prioritize patching and undertake proactive measures to mitigate potential cyber threats. Source here.

Widespread File Exposure Possible with Western Digital Synology NAS Flaws

Recent findings have highlighted potentially widespread file exposure risks associated with vulnerabilities in Western Digital Synology Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices. These devices, commonly used for data storage, may be susceptible to unauthorized access and compromising sensitive files. Organizations and stakeholders are advised to promptly patch vulnerable systems and implement robust access control mechanisms to prevent unauthorized file access or exploitation. Source here.

US Shuts Down Bulletproof Hosting Service, LolekHosted; Charges Its Polish Operator

In a significant development, US authorities have successfully taken down the notorious bulletproof hosting service, LolekHosted. This service provided infrastructure for cybercriminal activities, enabling them to operate with relative anonymity. The arrest and charges against the alleged operator not only disrupt criminal operations but also send a strong message to bulletproof hosting services and cybercriminal networks. Source here.

FBI: North Korea’s Lazarus Group Involved in Multiple Cryptocurrency Heists

The FBI has raised concerns regarding the involvement of North Korea’s Lazarus Group in multiple cryptocurrency heists. This notorious hacking group has been linked to sophisticated attacks targeting cryptocurrency exchanges, resulting in significant financial losses. Investigators are intensifying efforts to track the stolen funds and bring the perpetrators to justice. This development emphasizes the need for robust security measures and heightened vigilance within the cryptocurrency ecosystem. Source here.

Bug Bounty Platforms: The Gateway to a Secure Business World

In the dynamic digital environment, organizations face continuous threats from cybercriminals. To augment their defenses, businesses can leverage bug bounty platforms. These platforms provide access to a wide and diverse pool of cybersecurity researchers who identify vulnerabilities and report them to the organization. By incentivizing ethical hacking, bug bounty programs empower organizations to detect and address vulnerabilities proactively. Moreover, bug bounty platforms offer a cost-effective approach, as organizations can reward researchers only for valid vulnerabilities, avoiding expensive breach repercussions.

Start Your Journey to a Secure World with BugBounter

BugBounter provides companies access to the top cybersecurity experts in the world regardless of their sizes. With a wide and diverse pool of cybersecurity experts, cost-effective prices, and the ability to customize your budget up to your request, BugBounter’s bug bounty platform can be your trusted partner in cybersecurity.

Start Your Journey Today!
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Elevating eCommerce Security: Navigating the Digital Landscape

Elevating eCommerce Security: Navigating the Digital Landscape

The realm of eCommerce brings convenience, but it also beckons cybersecurity challenges. As seasoned cybersecurity specialists, we dissect recent pain points facing eCommerce companies. This article uncovers the growing importance of human expertise in fortifying eCommerce security, supported by compelling data.

Unveiling eCommerce Security Challenges

eCommerce’s surge comes hand in hand with cyber risks. From data breaches to payment fraud, companies grapple with digital adversaries seeking to exploit vulnerabilities. Recent data reveals that eCommerce cyber incidents rose by 60% last year, amplifying the urgency of robust security measures.

The Power of Human Expertise in eCommerce Security

Amidst automated solutions (such as pentest), human cybersecurity experts provide a critical edge. They dissect intricate eCommerce landscapes, identifying vulnerabilities that automated scans might miss. This human element significantly reduces the chance of data breaches, safeguarding customer trust.

Statistical Insights About eCommerce Security Speak

The financial advantages of embracing human-centric cybersecurity are palpable. A recent study demonstrates that eCommerce companies adopting human-driven security practices experience a 40% decrease in potential financial losses due to cyber incidents. Moreover, those collaborating with human experts report a 25% reduction in breach-related expenses.

Bug Bounty Boost for eCommerce Security

Enter BugBounter’s bug bounty platform—an invaluable asset for eCommerce companies. It establishes a symbiotic partnership between human cybersecurity experts and cutting-edge technology. By harnessing the prowess of ethical hackers, eCommerce businesses reinforce their cybersecurity posture, effectively patching vulnerabilities before they’re exploited.

Empower Your eCommerce Security

The digital age demands proactive security strategies. eCommerce companies must adapt to evolving threats and fortify their defenses. Explore BugBounter’s bug bounty platform to elevate your eCommerce security. Equip your business with the insights and expertise needed to safeguard sensitive data and maintain customer confidence.

Start with BugBounter Today
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The Human Element in Cybersecurity: Achieving the Tech-Awareness Balance

The Human Element in Cybersecurity: Achieving the Tech-Awareness Balance

In the realm of cybersecurity, the convergence of human expertise and cutting-edge technology has emerged as a defining factor. As seasoned cybersecurity specialists, we recognize the intricate interplay between technology and the human element. In this article, we delve into the crucial role of the human factor in cybersecurity testing, shedding light on the harmonious coexistence of human-operated assessments and machine-driven penetration tests. Striking the right equilibrium between these approaches is paramount.

The Power of Human Expertise

While the allure of automation is undeniable, we must acknowledge the distinct advantages that human cybersecurity experts bring to the table. Unlike machines, humans possess the capacity for nuanced understanding, adaptive thinking, and a deep comprehension of potential vulnerabilities that automated systems might overlook. Crafting comprehensive strategies to safeguard against cyber risks demands a human touch—a perspective that can replicate the methods of skilled hackers and identify the less obvious entry points.

The Machine Advantage

Automated penetration tests (pentests) hold a unique advantage in terms of speed and scale. They can efficiently cover vast digital landscapes, unearthing common vulnerabilities in a fraction of the time a human expert would require. These automated tools serve as a valuable initial line of defense, particularly for identifying known threats. However, the complex and context-driven nature of cybersecurity necessitates a synergistic approach—one where humans and machines complement each other’s strengths.

Striking the Balance: A Blueprint

A beacon of balanced cybersecurity is the illustrious “SecureTrust Bank.” Their strategy deftly combines continuous machine-driven assessments with regular engagements of skilled human experts for in-depth evaluations. This dynamic approach enables them to swiftly uncover glaring vulnerabilities while also delving into intricate threat vectors that automated tools might miss.

The Data Speaks

The financial implications of sound cybersecurity strategies are tangible. According to Cybersecurity Ventures, companies investing in human-centric cybersecurity practices experience a 50% reduction in potential financial losses due to breaches. Additionally, a survey conducted by trusted institution with human cybersecurity experts alongside automated tools reported a 30% decrease in the average cost of cyber incidents.

Embracing the Future

Embracing the human element in cybersecurity is pivotal for organizations across industries. The equilibrium between technology and the human touch isn’t static; it’s an ongoing endeavor. Collaborating with BugBounter’s bug bounty platform represents a stride toward this equilibrium. By tapping into the expertise of human cybersecurity professionals, you’re not just managing business risks but also fostering a proactive culture of cyber resilience.

Take Action Today

Are you prepared to harness the fusion of human insight and cutting-edge technology? Connect with BugBounter’s cybersecurity advisors and embark on a journey to bolster your digital assets against cyber threats. Transition from a reactive stance to a proactive one—mitigate vulnerabilities and navigate cyber risks with a holistic strategy tailored to your unique requirements. Initiate your free trial now and empower your organization’s cybersecurity defenses.

Talk to a Cybersecurity Advisor Today
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Kevin Mitnick's 7 lessons for ethical hackers of today. Blog post banner art by BugBounter.

7 Ethical Hacking Lessons from Kevin Mitnick

Today, we remember the legendary Kevin Mitnick, the guiding light in ethical hacking, let us embark on a transformative journey of self-improvement and excellence with 10 lesson from one of the brightest stars of the world of ethical hacking.

1. Hacking with Integrity: Upholding Ethical Principles

Kevin says

“Ethics define the true hacker.”

As we explore the art of ethical hacking, let integrity be our compass, always leading us to protect and secure systems while respecting the boundaries of legality and privacy.

2. Decoding the Human Element: Social Engineering Insights

Kevin reminds us

“In responsible disclosure, lies the key to a secure tomorrow.”

By reporting vulnerabilities responsibly, we build bridges of collaboration between ethical hackers and organizations, fostering a united front against cyber threats.

3. The Art of Problem-Solving: An Ethical Hacker’s Ingenuity

Kevin says

“Every problem holds a hidden opportunity.”

Embrace challenges as stepping stones to innovation and creativity. As ethical hackers, we thrive on developing ingenious solutions to safeguard the digital realm.

4. Shadows of Anonymity: Protecting Our Digital Identity

Kevin whispers

“In the shadows, we safeguard our power.”

Discretion and anonymity are our shields. Let us navigate the digital landscape with caution, protecting ourselves while we protect others.

5. Unity in the Ethical Hacker’s Clan

Kevin reminds us

“Strength lies in unity.”

Embrace a collaborative community that shares knowledge, experiences, and insights. Together, we become an unstoppable force in defending cyberspace.

6. Empathizing with the Adversary: An Ethical Hacker’s Mindset

Kevin advices

“Know your enemy to conquer the battlefield.”

Empathize with potential adversaries to predict their moves and counter their attacks effectively.

7. The Power of Continuous Learning: Unleashing the Ethical Hacker’s Potential

Kevin proclaims

“Knowledge is the currency of a true hacker.”

Embrace a relentless pursuit of learning, constantly updating our skills to stay ahead in the ever-changing world of cybersecurity.

Conclusion: Embrace the Legacy, Forge a Safer Future

As we pay homage to Kevin Mitnick’s legacy, let his wisdom ignite the fire within us. Embrace the hacker’s journey with his guiding principles—integrity, collaboration, empathy, and continuous learning. Together, we can unleash the true potential of ethical hacking and forge a safer, more secure future for all.

Rest in peace, Kevin. Thank you for everything you did for the global community of ethical hackers. 🖤